Knowledge is a privilege.                           Sharing it is a duty.

An overdue rendezvous with causal rationality

[BASIC SEARCH  AlexDirkFreyling 59ndf  foto by T.B.]

What takes their place?

A much clearer, more effective, interdisciplinary, mathematically simpler model, which describes the micro- and macro-cosmos in a standardised, cross-scale and predictive way.   ELEMENTARY BODY THEORY by  Dirk Freyling       1986 - today [EBT] The »Elementary Body Theory (EBT)« deals in particular with answers to the question of how mass and space are linked to each other in a fundamental way and how their ‘interplay’ leads to understandable formations of matter that can be calculated formally and analytically - both microscopically and correspondingly macroscopically. Neither a variable time, nor mathematical space-time constructs, nor any form of sub-structuring are demonstrably necessary for a clear understanding and the resulting equations based on the phenomenologically founded elementary body theory. Less is more... Contrary to the statement of standard physics which postulates four fundamental forces, elementary (scale-corresponding) mass-space-coupling - reduces any interaction to the mass-to-radius ratio. This leads to constructive, “easy to understand” objects which can be expressed either by its radii or its reciprocally proportional masses. four fundamental forces   →    mass - space - coupling

What are the arguments in favour of this paradigm shift?

The parsimony principle

[: Occam's razor   lex parsimoniae  principle of parsimony]

The strictly analytically ↓ motivated use of the

principle of parsimony

In the following, the elementary body theory (EBT, EKT = German based abbreviation) is presented primarily without direct comparison with the standard models of elementary particle physics and cosmology.

The EBT is based on plausibility and minimalism and provides phenomenologically based equations without free parameters and a formalism which leads to results which are in good to very good agreement with experimental measured values. For a clear understanding and as a result of the phenomenologically based elementary particle theory generated equations, neither a variable time, nor mathematical space-time constructs, nor any form of substructuring are necessary.

The time-dependent elementary body equations are derived from the observed invariance of the (vacuum) speed of light. The fundamental difference to the (special) theory of relativity respectively to the Lorentz transformation is the radially symmetric-dynamic character of these equations.

The main object of the elementary body theory is the elementary body originally a pulsating hollow sphere. At maximum expansion the hollow spherical shell-mass is at rest. The equations of motion - based on a sine function - describe the complete transformation of motion energy without rest mass (photon) to mass.

(thought) model history

The problem of understanding and interpretation from the point of view of standard physicists began or begins - as is so often the case - with a formalism "liberated" from real physics. The observable invariance of the (vacuum) speed of light is by no means “directly” linked to the special theory of relativity (SRT), as is suggested. The historically much-cited Michelson-Morley experiment is one-dimensionally conceived and says nothing at all about particles with mass in the sense of the prevailing physics, nor does it deal with transverse components. The mathematical invariance of the transverse components is merely a formal consequence of observers moving uniformly in a straight line with respect to force-free particles in a mathematical model (of thought). In other words, the entire construct of the Lorentz transformation(s) is bound to inertial systems. Phenomenologically, the SRT says nothing about the invariance of the speed of light.

Before misunderstandings arise, it is not claimed that the mathematics of the theory of relativity is wrong. How could an axiomatically founded thesis be wrong? But the mathematical construct has - apart from the underlying observable invariance of the [vacuum] speed of light - no basis in real physics. Although there are observations, there is no phenomenology for the mathematics of SRT. The “relativity of observers” associated with the inertial system is a “tricky matter”, as measurable system changes only occur in nature when energy is exchanged. However, energy exchange basically means that accelerations occur. With acceleration, the inertial system “disappears” and, consequently, so does the Lorentz transformation in its original form. The mathematics of SRT is not wrong, but “by definition” not dynamic.

In simple terms: as early as 1986, during my undergraduate studies in physics, I asked myself which mathematical (primal) equation represents the “relativistic” factor of the dynamized Lorentz transformation. The fact is that real-object interactions are always dynamic, regardless of specific approaches. Since the SRT is “inertial system-loaded”, it was essential to replace v = const. with v = dr/dt for a dynamic development process.

Finding the function r(t) = r₀ - sin(c - t/ r₀) was therefore simple. The elementary body (re)construction that was devised later represents one of the attempts to imagine “something” geometrically. But primarily and ultimately, the “simple” replacement of the “unnaturally” constant speed with a variable speed was the key to a completely new understanding.

The transformation from a photon to a mass-radius-coupled space does not correspond phenomenologically to a partial oscillation, as was initially assumed (also) within the framework of the elementary-body-model. The matter-forming transformation of a photon corresponds to an irreversible »state change«.

Elementary body evolution equations

              dynamized relativistic factor

Time reversal, as required "mechanistically" from classical physics to quantum mechanics, is in general contradictory to measuring reality (thermodynamic processes). The fully developed elementary body (r (t) = r₀, m (t) = m₀) can not regain the state of the photon by itself.

The time-dependent mass formation is coupled to the time-dependent radius magnification r = r (v (t)). In simple words, the initial, pure motion energy gives rise to time-dependent spherical surfaces, which as such span a space whose reciprocal size is a measure of the equivalent mass. After a quarter period (½ · π), the elementary body is fully developed (r (t) = r₀, m (t) = m₀), meaning that the expansion velocity v (t) is zero.

Since the process of resting-mass reduction corresponds to an inversion of the relativistic dynamics of a velocity-dependent momentum mass, the internal dynamics for energy conservation of the elementary body is suggestively called momentum-mass inversion.

State as information = photon

t = 0 ,  the entire energy is available as pure information, mass- and spaceless

Information as a material condition = elementary body

t (½π) ,  the total energy is "present as" mass m₀ with radius r₀

Phenomenologically, the transformation of motion information into spatial information is complete. Without external interaction the elementary body remains in this state. If the elementary body is "excited" from the outside, different interaction scenarios occur which, depending on the energy of the interaction partners, lead to partial annihilation or (full) annihilation. Matter-forming partial annihilations are formed in the simplest form by the proton-electron interaction (keywords: Rydberg energy, hydrogen spectrum). Mass-coupled space annihilates according to r (t) and m (t). "Radiation" is absorbed or emitted. The interaction reversibility that is possible must be via excitation from the outside. This could be the interaction with other elementary bodies, photons or "embodied fields", which can always be understood as elementary body (states).

One basic misunderstanding ("outside" the elementary-body theory) is that the properties of an interacting photon are projected onto the "resting state" of the photon. However, according to equation [P2.3] and its temporal derivative [P2.3b], as well as [P2m], the »resting state« of the photon is the space- and massless, "light-fast" (energy) state of maximum motion. This means that an information is propagated that "unfolds" only upon absorption (interaction) of the photon in accordance with equations [P2.3], [P2m] and their derivatives, and then the time-dependent phenomena of interference and (mass-based) collision shows. In regard to photons in interstellar space, the light path and thus the photon is invisible. Only when an interaction (absorption) "appears", the photon becomes visible (detectable).

[F1]:  mass-radius constants equation

A fundamental result of the mass-space coupling is that the product of the [rest] mass m₀ and the [maximum] radius r₀ of an »elementary body« is constant and is described by the mass-radius constant equation [F1].

Exact calculation of  the proton radius

A consideration of the elementary body provides an accurate theoretical value for the proton radius. Elementary body theory based the proton radius is arithmetically the Compton wavelength λ_C of the proton divided by π/2.

F_EK = 1,40706917669844e-42 kgm

m₀ = m_p : Proton mass = 1,67262192595e-27 kg  +/- 0,00000000052 (CODATA 2022)

h = 6,62607015e-34 Js (exact)   ;  c = 2,99792458e08 ms^-1 (exact)

                         8,41235640e-16  [ m ] EBT exact calculated proton radius

 8,4075e-16 m (CODATA 2022) +/- 0,0064  measured proton radius